"@r~py
sl`k mw"
a#FgN
Q[y h` @r~y [nv`q@Y uX@w~@k~ky
Europe on
rations: the Afghan war and the dilemma of European capitalism
tR v`RS
2002 m`R 19
ap @m
phw pl kr lbN@N, @l~k sm`jv` @vB ad@Y j`w&Nwr kRw^ mNdl@Y s`m`k, tR
v`RS 2002 jnv` 17 n p#vW @Q\ny. ey OS@y`@V
sm`jv` sm`nw` pK;y D vr p#vW
j`w&Nwr p`slt ipW @kr#n.
jnv`
01 q` @r~y rtvL @q`lhK l nv qlK hNv` .
yn 300k @r~yyN @p@st`, r`, #KSm`RK
$NK
sh m`RK @vvt q#N @r~ nm# @p` ql X`w` kr.
@r~
kl`py, p^g`ly, Sp`y, iw`y h` y
qKv` Nsy hrh` qnt q, @bLym, lKsMbRG, OlNqy, jRmy h` OSy`v
qKv` NlNwy
m[&@yN urt q v&`Pw @V. @r~p` sAgm@Y vWmN s`m`k rtvL ph@l`v awN w`n&y,
@dNm`Rky h` Sdny pmnK @myt sMbN[ n#w.
@r~v
hNv` m, mh`Qpy l a`Rk
Ek`w`v @qst, [`n yvrK @y~jny krn awr, E aR}@yN slkn kl s#kyN @w`rv
ey g @v. pl vr bln t @mm yvrW, a#FgN
Q[yW awr a#W@W d` sb>w`vK y# y@mt h#@<Nnt vn. @k@S nW
L @eh`k sNqRXyK l bh` bln t @mm QN
@qk sp aNwR sb>w`vyN Kw b#V @p y a#w. py q\ky r` j`w&Nwr
@Q\p`ln@Y n`y Qyt @mm @qkm sMbNw y:
@s~yT sAgmy > v#@mN p @l~ky n#vw @bq` g#m, @l~k bly h` @g~y ak`ry
s>h` [`n blyN awr r` y argl y.
vsr nkt
@pr`v w}& qL Ekky @ls @r~v hNv` N t sh @r~y qL awr vm`r#
ap`wyN |w @ls ym @kr# t j`w&Nwr @vW s<r`vN mK n#
vN @mm yv@R v#qgWkm s`kCc`
@kn. [`n j`w&Nwr ql @ls StRnyt w#n 1920 gnNvl @d`lry N
aW krgW w#N ptN eKsW jnpq a`RkytW,
e lyK @ls, ej @Q\p`ln ak`rytW eLl \`lwm a@y~gy @r~v yn gmnyt
o av\&@yNm elnh.
eKwr`
a#mk` a`Rk
q&`y vn @D
bRGStN, @f`N a@fy`S s<r`vt @m@S y:
"@r~v
yW m mN, @qvn @l~k Q[@yN p a#mk`@V ak`rvW w#n gw h#, nv Q-#v
j`w&Nwr a`Rk
pRy`yk a@PK;`vN a# kr.... @r~v, @d`lr@Y j`w&Nwr l& ak`ryt a@y~gyK
mt @h`>tm id a#w."1
@DK
IbT pqn@M k`\nyk, wvW jRm` sgy sthN kr @N, @r~y l& sAgmy, "ej
@Y an`gw bl`k`ryt, Xvmy vs@yN vd`W blg a@y~gy"
bv . "@r~vW
smg, vsr h#Ww$vK l pl vrt @d`lryt blg r#Q[v`y l# @B."2
a#mk`
`G[ny, wm ak`ryt eLl a# @mm a@y~gyt @r~[yK @n`m#v ytW @n`v a#w.
wm a`Rk
wWvyt eLl a# @mm a@y~gyt lnyK @ls ey wm
t bly @y`q` g. vWmN a#FgN Q[y l wm a`@Vy uCcS}`ny
k`\yt pW kl` q, py q\ky r` nr`vRw a#mk` tv` r`y`Mvl
yN p#v wRkny @my .
an`gw
eKsW jnpq-@Ry` g#M
apt @m
q#kgw h# vN@N an`gw @Q\p`ln
vR[nyN vd vd`W aXvny kl h# g#mk jyN y. vWm@N @Q\p`lkN sh Swr c`rkN
aw@l`SsK pmnK Q@Y gN@N v q, @l~k a`Rk@Y
k kr#vl t s#l kl a#mk` h` @r~y av\&w` awr g#m av`Ry y.
-@Q\p`lk blp$m sh a`Rk
av\&w` s>h` @k@rn argly, vd vd`W v^w tmy r$p`k`ryN aW kr g a#w.
@mm g#M
mn r$p`k`ryN g q# apt an`gw v`k& p#vy @n` h#k - a#mk`vt e@r, r#y`v
aNwRgw kr gW @h~ @n` gW y @r~y blyN@G sN[`nyK;
a#mk` dn@Y bN i w# nv @r~pyK;
ny, r#y`v h` iNy`vt e@r a#mk`-@r~p` sN[`nyK.... nW apt |wv
v h#K@K @mm g#Mvlt s`mk` smK p#vy @n` h# bv .
sWwNm,
a @M @qs @@qvv`v @n` blN@n. kMkr# pNy N @r~[y q#Kmt @n` h#
v @h`W av`Ry@yN y h#K@K Nvn @l~k Q[yK pm. q#nt @vN pvWn`
sNwN mN, a#mk` h` @r~y `G[ny e@nkt e@rv ӵvn awr 1945N @mt
pm`n@Y t r` y`M Rm`ny @k@rN pv. @mmN sm`j a`wN e
aNwytm vR[ny @k@rn awr @Q\p`lk kMpnyN Rm`ny kr a#w. @m ly v
a#W@W qslK; sA&`w mhjnw`v clny krvN oN @Q\p`lny @qst h#rm . a@P arn
ont \`vnyK sMp`qny m . wvW ar`j&v` Q[yk wRjny sMbN[@yN ekm
w}& sm sm`jv` y`m`Rgyk pqnm yt@W j`w&Nwr kMkr# pNy eKsW m
.
@mm arn
s`K;`W kr g#@M m[& aK;y vN@N, j`kv`q@Y sh S@v~Wwmv`q@Y mn @h~ aA m`ykt
e@rv krn argly . @my @r~py sMbN[@yN @|wv
v#qgW y. mNq yW yM a`k`ryk Rvl S}`nyk wm` n bv q#k gNn` ey, a#mk`vt e@rv
eLl @k@rn S@v~Wwmv`qy v`m`Ak vqN m`l`vN ph@vN a`vrny kr gw h# b#.
ej tv`q@Y
r`y`Mvlt a@P r vN@N eyt @r~[y q#Km s>h` @r~y a`Nvlt
a`y`cn` m @n` @V. ap, @tKs` @j~RJ dB @G kV@b~ upmvlt e@rv
sh K shgw @r~y \`rq @Q\p`ln `ny @n` ӵvN@n. ejy h` ss>n t
@r~py vWm@N Rvl S}`nyk p#vy h#k. nW ih`sy N qR\ny @k`t a#W@W
@r~y [@N|vry -- @|;@yNm jRm` [@N|vry -- @mm av` shgw wWvy jy g#m
s>h` qrn uWs`h@Y vd`W M@LCc
apr`[ s>h` qK; bv .
ej ar`j&v`q@Y
vWmN r` y`m smSw [@N|vr pQ[@Y sy @n` h# prSpr @r~[yN@G ly
bv a av@b~[ kr gN@n.
eKsW
jnpq a`Rk
tmy sh @Q\p`ln ak`r@Y lyN
ak`rvW
a`Rk
h` @Q\p`lk bly @ls eKsW jnpq@Y n#Gm py yv@S L X`gyt ayW @V. 19 vn yvs
avs`nyt l<` @vQ a#mk`v @VgvW k`Rk h` a`Rk
vR[nyN aWpW kr g. j`k @Q\ m`vN, evkt p#v# m`vN L X`vy l, e
a`Rk
vR[ny r>v` g#m sMbN[@yN vd`W p X`vykt iw` iKmN pW y. ejy ar`j&v`
s`rny a`rMX k@L y -- plv k#ݡyN @Q\ l h` q a#mk`v l, pv @r~py
l. pl @l~k Q[y p#r mh`Qpy r` ej ak`r@Y a`rMXy sl k@L y.
Q[y
N a#mk`v nAv`, @r~py Lv` q# awr @l~k aK;@Y nGn sh h m`r#mK a#
@kn. @r~y blyN e@nk` n`\ kr gN NN bvt pW w l a#mk`v,
Q[y N @pr @n` r$ a`k`ryt vd`W blg h` [nvW y. kN @r~pyt sh yLltm
ihN eAglNwyt ayWv , X`Nd s>h` [`n kMh@L, [`n gbd`@V k`v q, @l~k@Y
m[&m b#Akr#v`@G k`v q ejy X`r gW@W y.
ej@Y
@Q\p`ln ak`ry, e a`Rk
ak`ry mw pqnM y. @l~k@Y rNvN yyt 60K kr gW oN @l`v [`n X`NdyN@gN
1 h` 23K awr m`nyK pq y. @l`v k`R p`qn@yN yyt 80K q, @wLvN yyt
70K q sh ykd h` v`@N p`qn@yN yyt 60K q a#mk` y l p`qny @k.
Q[@yN
@r~py NN bvt pW awr mK
n# @Q\m`vlt k# @Y y. Ev` a#mk` ny mw y# awr, e dn@yN @r~g`r
y. [nv`qy l @mvN v&snyN @w`r m`vwK @n` y. mNq yW kMkr# pN v&`p`ry
n`ykWv aRq@yN pK;{`w awr @r~y [nv`qy f#STv`qy nM vsAgwy vR[ny
k@L y. f#STv`q@Y ar @qkK y:
kMkr# pN v&p`ry n`\ m sh t bly m`[& kr gN [nv` mry
aNw@yN @g`dE@M m`vwK kp` g#m. 1918 @r~py sA[`ny kr g#@M l` a@p`@h`sW
jRmy, 1941 yW vrK uWs`h @k`t e q as`R}k y.
nv
m mN wm rt l sm`j aRqy
smhN kr g#mt sh n` jRmyt sh jp`nyt e@rv @gn y Q[@Y rn`Wmkv m#hWmt
eKsW jnpq a`Rk
i M a# wrM s$@hn bv sn`} y. nW Q[@Y br kv q#r#@V @s~yT
sAgmy y. St#Nv`q@Y @~ k`v ym f#STv`qyt e@r argl@Y e
jnw`vN@G r bl pr`myN bl g#Nmt h#m @H@vN @s~yT sAgmy Q[@yN mv
a` [`n srqy y. nW e avs`n l@Y ,
a#mk`
qL, @s`Lq`vN h` a`[ rn`Wmk k`vK r< q#K y.
Q[@yN
p eKsW jnpq@Y a`Rk,
t h` @Q\p`lk ak`ry aN kvrq`tW vd` blg y.
@k@S nW
@r~py l sm`jv` Plvy m< h#rm s>h`W, @s~yT sAgmy a`NmT m
s>h`W, E smgm wm`@Gm X`Nd sh `G[ny apnyny m s>h`W wm @r~y h` jpN
ev`Nt sh@y~gy mt sh on@G a`RkyN
n#vw @g`d n#Am s>h` uqV mt eKsW jnpqyt bl @kn.
1960
gnN avs`n@Y , eKsW jnpqyt, p`qn h` @vl> K@@Y wm ak`rvW bly \`l
vs@yN a y. @r~p` sAgm@Y a`Rk
ps`[ny ejyt sm`n awr @l~k @vl>`@M K@@Y e pAv ej pAvt sm`n
y. jp`ny N adK pqv` apnyny kl awr -- y@m @my w`vk`k uCc`vcnyK
@S s#ly h# v q -- @M qKv` ey e@Sm p#vn. 1971 a@g~S@V , ej-jn`p
KsN N, @tN DS l& m Ek p`R|yv avlA m mN @l~k a`Rk@Y,
blsb>w`vN a# pvRwny e vd`W n`tk`k`r @Q\p`ln k`\ny aW kr gW@W y.
Q[y avs`n@Y aWsN wbn lq m mN p|c`W q k`n a`Rk
pQ[yt pqnm q# awr a#mk` a`pw&y whr# @kn.
@s~yT
sAgmy smg a`rl a`rMX mW smg @r~py sh a#mk`v awr a`wN s#ly wrM
vR[ny y. jRm` [@N|vry l smhr @k`tS, @|;@yNm eSԬy l, @m`SkV sh n#@gnr
bRny smg sp sb>w` ӵv` g#m mN ej@yN vd`W Sv`n
@M avS}`vK q#k gWh.
1973 ,
nv aWl`NK mK sMbN[@yN qr# v`q v`q htgW awr smSw vR;y r`m ey a#Q
@Y y. ej r`j& @LkM @hN NgR av[`rny k@L, @r~py sMbN[@yN a#mk`
a`rK;n shkyN a`Rk
K@y l @r~y shnyN smg b# p#vy bv . avs`n@Y , 1974
aWl`NK k`\@yN sN[`n@Y @r~y s`m`kyN evN bN[nyK gWh. "on@G
a`rK;k sb>w`, @Q\p`ln h` a`Rk
K@yN sAv` sb>w`vyN mN \KmW v a#w#"
o shk h.3
@M k`l@Y
ej mN @y`qn lq dny, @r~y Ek`bQ[w`vykt blg blp$mK a# k@L y.
a#mk`
a`pw&yt a@y~g @n` krn w`K rtl 20 gnNvl a# a`k`r@Y @Q\p`ln aRqyN
sh sm`j klb#g$N n#vw a#m mg hrv` g#m s>h` sh @Q\ m` sh r# b ivW
m @H@vN a#mk` X`Ndvlt sh `G[nyt mh`Qpy ph@vN m h#m
s>h` @r~y Ek`bQ[w`vy s>h` eKsW jnpqy y . q#N @r~y [@N|vr@Y
[`n @k`tS a#mk` a`pw&yt a@y~g @M m`[&yK @ls @r~y
Ek`bQ[w`vy q#k g#mt ptN gWh.
1970
gnN l @r~p` sAgmy s$@hn wrM gyK aW kr g. Nsy, w`n&
s`m`kWvyt qKvn lq @r~[y aW h@L y. s`m`kWvy nv@Y t @q`lh qKv` q avs`n@Y
15t ihl n#n. @b`@h~ K@vl akrnmy bl @Q\y v&`Pw m mN @r~y
a`Rk
j`v, @r~y j`v @ls pvRwny @kn. plv @r~y qL EkkyN awr sp
bN[nyK s>h` gNn` lq uWs`hyN s`R}k kr gw h# y.
a`Rk
k^whSwyN @ls @w@Mm slk` gW Ns jn`p v#l Sk`RD eS#NG
sh jRm` c`NslR @hLT DT yn @q@qn` awr
o @mm sNw@Y k k`v r< p$@v~ y.
@k@S nW
ejy smg g#mt y` h# |w rK y. wl q @vw @n`wk`m, @s~yT sAgmy
smg mLlw`vy @m@w @l~k @Q\p`ln@Y ak`rvW s`[ky y. @r~p` sAgmyt wm
tmy a`rK;`v s>h` ejy av\& y. ejy @m@w "w&`g
apy`"
@ls qR\ny y. e t a`pw&y, @r~y av\&w`vK @ls s#ln.
@s~yT
sAgmy > rm mN @mm m`vN ivW kl awr ak vs@yN @r~py sh a#mk`v
awr sb>w` @vnS k@L y.
@s~yT
sAgmy kd` v#@M a#<M
eK awN
a#mk` p`lk @V s#ly @k`tsK @s~yT sAgm@Y aX`vy, an@y~ @g~y
a`pw&yK S}`w kr g#@M avS}`vK @ls q#k gWh. eKwr` jRm` ih`s@yt av,
"a`pw&[`
n`ykWvyK s>h` kM m, 1990 vn @wK btr @l~ky qKv` m` v q, ey @g~y
p`lnyK qKv` s`rny y."4
a@nK
awt @r~y v q#k gW@W wm`, ej a`pw&yt ytWv @M kvr @h~ av\&w`vK
wv rtW @n`m# bv . ihw @Lky`m yn p "a#mk`
a`pw&yt @r~py Ek`bQ[ m, @s~yT sAgmy smg p#v# g#mt g#t g#
n. e avs`nyW smg em Ek`bQ[w`vy rR}k @qyK bvt pW y".
@r~y [@N|vry wm p`r-aWl`Nk @k`tSkr#v`@gN sm`nWvy iLl` @Y y -- ej y ek<mt
q`nM iLmK K;kvm v`@G aq vn @wK @n` s g#M m`l`vK vR[ny y.
a`Rk
mTt@M , ejy @m@w ak`rvW S}`nyK pvWv`@gn yn eK K@yk @r~py ej t a@y~g
k@L y.
@l`v
[`n qL @ls @d`lr@Y k`v
vn`k@M
r`yK @ls, vm`r# m`[&yK @ls sh lmy h` Qgk X`w`kr#vN@G M Ekky
@ls @d`lry a@nW kvr @h~ w qlkt vd` @qvn @l~k Q[@yN p v#qgW y. 1990
gnNvl agX`g@Y j`w&Nwr @vl> @p`l mw @d`lr@Y br, 90 gnNvl m#q X`g@Y
br @mN @qnyktW vd` v# y. @my a#mk` a`Rky
mN @l~k ql j`k p`qnyt sh @vl>`mt @k@rn pq`ny h` slkn kl iw` v#
br. 1995 @l~k @vl>`@mN yyt 50kt iw` a`sNn \wyk sh smSw aNwR @r~y
@vl>`@M @nN ekk X`Ndvl l ym @kr#@N @d`lr@y. l ym m aN @d`lryt
l#@N Ek`k`r @wvn S}`ny. j`w&Nwr b#A nyvN yyt 77K s>h` q, j`w&Nwr
a#pkrvN yyt 40K s>h` q, @r~y qL w#NpvN yyt 44K s>h` q ql
@ls @y`q` g#@N @d`lry . @g~y qL w#NpvN yyt 62K @d`lRvN q, It
sAsNqn`Wmkv yyt 26K @r~p` sAgM qLvN q p#v.
@d`lr@Y
ak`rvW k`v ej `G[ny mw s#ly v` aW kr . ey j`w&Nwr vWkM
sh a`@y~jnyN a`kR\ny kr g#mt phv sls` . ej ak`r@y~, \`l pq`syk SkL
@vW @w~r` g#@M bly K Nq`h;
@Qy a`N @d`lr@Y S}`vrX`v@Y av\&w`v@yN @pn`h.
@r~y
l& sAgmy
@s~yT
sAgmy, mW a`k`r@yN r#v` h# 1991 @qs#Mbr@Ym @r~p` sAgm@Y r`j&
[` m#STC h @d`lryt e@r [`n a@y~gyK eLl klh. o 1999
t @r~y l& sAgmy S}`w mt N klh.
@mm N@V
pN g`mk blyN @Y, Ns jn`p Nv` w@r`N sh jRm` c`NslR @hLT
@k~L y.
w@r`Nt
av, n#vw Ek`bQ[ @mN anr#v @r~py l \`lwm sh a`Rkmy
vs@yN \KmWm bly jRmy p`lny @k`t wb` g#m l& sAgmy m`[&yK y.
a@nK awt @k~L |v`s k@L @r~py l ak`rvW k`v r<q#Km s>h` l&
sAgmy jRmyt id @q a# bv . jRmy n#vw vrK @qkl` @V y# o a#d@n~R@G
@g~ly @S y v# wm @r~y asLv#yN smg ey spv Ek`bQ[ mt uWk y.
@d`lr@Y ak`rvW k`vt, a@y~g m s>h` l& sAgm@Y aw&v\&w`v
sMbN[@yN @k~L sh w@r`N @q@qn`m ek< h.
@r~p`
sAgmy mN N krn lq a@nW @b`@h~ ز k`n v&`p^Nvlt pK;v l&
sAgmy ym kr gW @Vl`vtm y`Wmk y. m#SC
s#lM kr gW p 1999 jnv`@Y @b`@h`myK @r~p` sAgM qL @r~v mN
w`K;kv S}`pny @kn. vsr nkt p, @M ms a`rMX@Y , b#A @n~T sh k`
S}`pny awr @r~y jnw`vt @r~v @X_k y}`R}yK y.
@mm yvrt
mh` @Q\p`ln a#<M a#w. eKwr` jRm` K;ky sthN kl p:
"@my
mN aWl`NK sN[`ny l bl v&`P@Y k# @p@nn @vnSkM a# @k@R. m#SC
@Vqny kl @r~p` sAgmy, apt q#ngNnt l# sAkLpyK pmnK @Y nM, aq n ey
v#qgW K@yK l y}`R}yK bvt pWv a#w. e s`m`kyN @q`@l`S @q@n, @d`lR
kl`py aW h#y` pmnK @n` v o @l~k@Y @qvn [`n ql @ls @r~v @g`d n#h....
btr @r~py, ejy mw y#@mN qhSm nv nykt @SN y. @my @v`Ntny
l p#h#v sthN v a#w."5
t
mTt@M , a#mk` a`pw&yt a@y~g m @r~pyt iw` ڍkr y. @m
a#mk` v`y 쩍 y. smSw n#@t~ yqMvN, @d`lR yn 283K a#mk`
pq`ny, y @r~y n#@t~ s`m`kyN@G smSw pq`nyt vd` yyt 50K v#
y. ejy wm ql j`k p`qn@yN yyt 3.1K t kt s>h` @y`qvn awr,
sAsNqn`Wmkv @r~y s`m`n&y yyt 2.2K q, jRm@Y yyt 1.5K q @V.
@k@S nW
@mm agyN \K@Y ym m`ny ġ @n` kr. eKsW jnpq a`rK;k am`w&A\@Y
a[&nykt av @r~y n#@t~ blyN@G \Ky on@G a#mk` a@nK p@V \K@yN
qh@yN ekK pm.
@my @Hv
vN@N s$m @r~y rtktm wm`@Gm p`ln v&hyK
p#vm sh wm`@Gm pR@Y;n sh sAvR[ny s>h` yqM q#mt m . @b`@h~ yqM
vN@N pn sh v#P s>h` y. @r~py wm hq`vN yt@W @s`Lq`vN yn
2.3K pvWv` @gn y. N @b`@h`myK @qn` iw` a vK l#@v~ @v. t pwv
a#mk`vt N@N v^Wymy @s`Lq`vN yn 1.4. @m lyK @ls a#mk`
t ay-v#@yN p h` v#P @ls v#y vN@N yyt 39. jRm@Y ey yyt 60K q,
p^g`l@Y yyt 79K q @V. @l~m vs@yN eK @s`Lq`v@G t upkrn s>h` a#mk`v
yqM krn ql, @r~y s`m`n&y sh jRmy smg ss>n kl N ny.
t
sASkrn b> @r~y uWs`hyNt av, Ev` sA@KNny @k a#W@W Ek`bQ[
p`ln v&hyN
@g`d n#Amt, a#mk` q upkrn p`qkyN@gN Sv`nv
Ek`bQ[ a`[ s#kM v&`p^ vR[ny mt (nv vN bS t v`hn vN
y`ny v#), XtN@G sA&`v a mt sh wm @s`Lq`vN ihl vK lq v^Wymy
@s`Lq`vN bvt pW mt y.
@k@S nW,
ym @r~y a`N wm q#v#Nw ay-v#y prwry smg @p`rbqN n @k`N@Q yt@W
sh t yqM blg @ls mhjn as`qyt pWv a# w yt@W @my, iw` yqM sw
Gg# v&`p^y. sm`j @Sv`vN s>h` yn yqM q#v#Nw @ls kp` qmN yn
m`vw oS@S gmN krn t @mm t yqM sMbN[ @r~[y @|w
y.
wv r
pvs@w`W, @my s`K;`W kr g#m s @p` n&`y pyK kr` elm
@r~y [@N|vryt a ڍkr k`RyyK a#w. @r~py mw ej dny gtm @y@qN p#vy
, aNwR-@r~y wr<k`WvyN -- @|wv
w`n&y,
Nsy h` jRmy -- @m@w [`n k`vK r<n awr, ey vd`W w @k@rn
n#r#vK pv.
1990 t,
@l~k @Vk`@V Sv`n
t h` @Q\p`ln k`vK s>h` @r~pyt id lb`@M eLly swv rn gnn`vK g
l#n -- sh @k`tsK y`Wmk @kn. N vd`Wm v#qgW @qy @ls s#k rwv k`\ kl
h#K@K 1992 aWsN wbn lq m#SCT
m . ey @r~y l& sAgmy s>h` pmnK sMp`qny vK @n` v,
@p` @Q\ @vwK s>h` q sMp`w vK y. زk`nv slkn t ey
@Q\p`ln sAgmyK Rm`ny m s>h`
slk` blN .
wrmK @pr`v
S}`w krn lq, jRm`-Ns @Sn`Aky @mm vsr lm smSw @r~y @Sn`Aky @ls pvRwny
@kn. E smg btr @r~p` sAgmy -- p|c`W q k`l@Y w v#NqvK -- nRvny
@k`t @r~p` sAgm@Y a`rK;k sArcky @ls S}`w @kn. Ns jn`p w@r`N sh
jRm` c`NslR @k~L @p` k`\nyK mN p#h# kl p @mm yvr @q@k arn
@Y, "@r~p`
sAgmyt Sv`n
t y`vN s>h` m`[&yN sMp`qny kr m ."6
@r~p`
sAgm@Y t Sv`nWvy
s>h` yW @k@rn evN kvr @h~ v&`p^ykt eKsW jnpqy, w`n&@Y
q sh@y~gy swv, a`rMX@Y iw` wN @r~[y q#K y. btr @r~p` sAgmy, @r~p`
sAgm@Y a`rK;k hSwy bvt pvRwny @M sh Sv`n
@r~y t v&hyk
hqvw @ls @r~ @Sn`Aky ӵ@M s#lMvlt jn`p (@j&) p#h#
@lsm r#Q[ y.
1991 @pbrv`@Y
ej y N yvn lq r`j& w`Nk sthnk gr#sr#vN @w`rv @m@S k`\ @kn;
"a@P
qR\nyt av, n#@t~@V k`v n#vw aR} k}ny krN sh m` krN, e v&hy
Rvl krN @h~ |w s`m`k sk@G S}My b`[kyK Rm`ny krN @r~y
nK i mt qrn uWs`hyN @n`mg y`mkt y h#k. evN uWs`hyNt blg @ls
@r~mt
a bl`@p`@r`W @v."
"1994
t 1999 qKv` SkL
vR;yN s>h` a`rK;k s#lM y`mky"
nM ej a`N k`\n@Y @m@S s>hN @V:
"ej
y @r~y Ek`krn arnt sh@y~gy @qn awr, n#@t~vt vl k#y h# @r~yyN-pmnK
a`rK;k s#lM mm -- @|;@yNm sN[`n gwvN@G Ek`bQ[ bl v&hyK
mm -- v#l#Kmt ap uWs`h kl y."7
n#@t~@V
@r~y sArck@Y blg k`vt y`vK @ls Ek`bQ[ n#@t~ t v&hyt
n#vw p#mt Nsy ek< t KNtN pp`lny yM wrmk a`kLpyK gW
awr yM sMyK kr` eln. btr @r~p` sAgm@Y aдhy yt@W @r~p` sAgm@Y Sv`n
t y`vN s>h` avsr l#y h# @k`l eyK 1994 sLS-n#@t~ s@vN W
y. @k@S nW v#qgW @k`N@QyK y:
evN y`vN kl W@W n#@t~ kNl@Y Ekmk Nv. @mmN ejyt @[
blyK p#vn.
@r~y
a`N, @M a`k`r@Y ktvN p b#Ssy @n` h# y. 1997 a#MStRd$M @mN
@r~p` sAgmy, @p` @Q\ sh a`rK;k @vwK vR[ny @M wm s#lM Ndny k@L
y.
@mm Nv
y`Wmk m, w`n&
a`S}`n@Y m`r#mN ph @kn. vd`W Sv`n
t k`vK s>h` gNn` lq y Ns h` jRm` a`rMXkWvyNt w`n&
a`Nv @pr avr kl n, 1998 @qs#Mbr@Y \`Nw m`@l~ p#v Ns-w`n&
sv l @r~y t@Y S@@v k`vK s>h` w`n&
agm# @t~ B@ly`R wm p#h# sh@y~gy k`\ k@L y.
B@ly`R@G
sh Ns jn`p j#K rK@G Ek`bQ[ k`\n@Y @m@S s>hN y:
"j`w&Nwr
aRqyt c`r q#Km s>h`, |v`svNw t blyN@G bly lbn S@@v y`vN
s>h` [`w`v ql Ev` X`w` @M N g#mt ev# q$ mt q`nM
m`[&yN q sAgmy N s`K;`W kr gw y."
t
Sv`nWvy
s>h` @r~y a`y`syN@G pvRwy lK;&y h` uW@rky bvt pW @k`@s~@v~
Q[y N w`n&
pvRwn@Y pm s#k y.
@r~y
Swr c`rkyt av ej y "wm
wr<kr#vN phw @hmt sh wm a`pw&@yN W n#@t~v pmnK @r~py l a`rK;k
bly @ls Srs`rv y`Wmk m s>h` @mm avS}`v @y`q` gW@W y."
o @m@S @c~qn` kr:
"@r~y
ty, bl`@p`@r`W rw @ls pg`, ak`RyKm sh p#r w`l@Y tyK bv
iw` @h`N @pNM k@L y. sRy`vt e@r Q[y N @kr#@N MSN, sN[`n@Y
vN hq` lS}`n@Y t @n` v a#mk` @pNtgny l . em N y`Wmk m
s>h` n#@t~vt y#n. a#mk` ز-pr`s @b~Mbkr#vN@G gmn b>v sN[`nyt
q#M N@N @h~ @n`m#w."8
ihw kvry`
pvsn @ls, 1999 m`s@Y p#v @k`@l~N s@V @r~p` sAgmy @mm "avm`nyt"
c`r q#K y. wm`@Gm hq` blyN S}`w m s>h` sAKw yvryN pyK N
@kn. 2003 vn t q`nMv w#mt bl`@p`@r`W vn 50,000W 60,000W awr @r~-@Sn`AkyK
S}`w mt ey aqhS kr. @mm @r~-@Sn`Aky Sv`n
sh a#mk` hq`vN@G w`K;k mTtmt sm`n wWv@Y ekK v a#w.
em vsr
lm p#v @hLN s@V q, 2002 ms p#v r` s@V q, @k`@l~N
s@V g l# N wv rtW sAKwkrny y. |wvm ey p`r-aWl`NK sb>w`
b>v pvRwn lK;&yK sthN k@L y:
t shkr#vN, t wr<kr#vN bvt pvRwny m @mm yv@R @Q\p`lk a`y
vd`W p#h# y. jRm` a`rK;k a#m r@d`LF ;`NG k`\ kl p, ey, a#mk`v
h` @r~py awr "ym
sm`nw`vy"
pqn@M "nv
smlnyK"
Rm`ny mt ar kr --9
@k`@l~N
s@vN p sh @r~v S}`w @mN anr#v vR[nyN@gN @pNM @k@rN@N
a#mk` a`pw&yt a@y~g @M @r~y uWs`hyN @b`@h~ s`R}k @n` bv
. @r~v, ey mw > bl`@p`@r`W i k@L n#w. aWl`Nky @qps @b`@h~ k^whSwN
bl`@p`@r`W p @d`lryt e@rv ey n @vvt, vsr nkt @pr`v ey
hNv` N @m`@h`@W ptN e agy k`RvN phw v#. j`w&Nwr `G[n g#M
a`kR\ny kr g#m aN @d`lry, @r~vt vd` blg b#V sn`} k@L y.
@my |wvm,
aNwyt > v# pqnM mw r>` pvWn` a#mk` a`Rk@Y
@@nsRk \K@Y a#<mK @n` @V. a#mk`v aRqyk @v n "wWvy
slk` b# t @r~v n#vwW s#ly wrN nw# yn aqhs ivw y @n` h#k. e@hW,
e a`rMXk v#m, a#mk`v smg g#m u vn t Vr
y h#, @r~y [nv`q@Y amhW prSpr @r~[yN sh g#tvl @pNM kr.
@r~py
sh a#FgS}`nyt
e@r Q[y
t
mTt@M , sRy`vt e@r Q[y @Sm a#FgN Q[y, a#mk` q yNy sMbN[@yN @r~y
t@Y nX`vy an`vrny k@L y.
@mm Q[@Y
ekm arn, a#mk` a`pw&yt eLl @k@rn @r~y a@y~gy nwr m s>h`
@r~y wr<kr#vN Rvl m y# p#vm a\@y~KyK y h#k. nW |wvm
ey [`nwm arvN ek.
a#mk`
q uWs`hyN [`n @l~p`k ar @qs b# t @my iw`mW p#h# y:
@l`v vd`W v#qgW bl \K sMpW p`lny m sh kl`pyN l hq` k>r# S}`pny m
-- SGV @@sNSt av -- 21 v# yv@S @l~k bly s>h` [`n yr .
nW, E
smgm, vd`W a`sNn aR}@yN, @mm Q[y mN a#mk`vt a@y~g @k@rn @r~y
uWs`hyNt yN vl k#@P. ey, @r~py v#r p@yN aLl` @gn a#w.
Q[y
a#r t, @p` @r~y @Q\ @vwK S}`w @M uWs`hyN k# .
@k`@s~@v~ Q[@yN p @r~y @Q\ @vW @y~wy` @ls pW @kr# @SyR @s`l`n`
sh @Q\ @vW @k`ms`S S p#tRN@G nM uQ[^wyN@gN ar#qhN y. @Q\ @vW
y`vt n#Am lNdny, p#y sh bRny awr Sr vs@yNm n`tk pW y. pp`lnyt
@k`N@Q rwv a`[`r kl @t~ B@ly`R@G h s`my, @|wv
@p` @r~p` c`rykt a# kvr @h~ idkdK a@@[RymW k@L y.
y
h# pm, y @r~y a`N, ej a`Nv gW @vw, sMbN[@yN wm @k`N@Q rw
shy a v# vs@yN k`\yt pW klh. @mm y`v ps ej N g l# a`mn
iyV mN a# krn lq yv#QMvl ɜnyK sh Q[yt wm` shX` v@h`W @wL sh
@l~p`k blp$m s>h` mh` d`@vN wm` mNm ivW y h# bvt p#v y
q y.
@k@S nW,
pp`lny smg eKv @k@rn sh@y~w`v@Y k`\ hrh` @r~py h` a#mk`v awr
a`wN phv @g`S a#w# gmnykt b#m mNm s`vq& y. a`N @y~wyN@G
l k`\ s`m`n&@yN, r`j& w`Nk KmM mN m[&S} @k@rn awr, s^v
a`Nv vg @n` yNn` @Q\p`lkN@G k`\ sh vN @r~p` @V ym
a`kLpy b>v v#mnW @qyK y@V. wv rtW, @Q\p`ln sAS}`w@Y l a`kLpy sh
s#ly m`nyk vW pW v`Rw`vl s`ry awr pvWn` prwry, Q[y @k@r @r~y
c`ry vd`W k# @p@nn p#vN ek.
q#nt a
gnNvl pvn t jRm` jn`p @hLT DT ej @Q\ @v@W gmN p}y sMbN[@yN
@r~y @V h#M vd`W gr#sr#@vN @w`rv k`\ kl @Q\p`lk@y. s#Pw#MbR 11 QNt
vsrkt iw` a`sNn k`lykt @pr`v "nv
yvs l @r~p@Y SvyA bl whr#v"10
nM uQ[^wy yt@W hM@b~LDT srs@Y o [`n @Q\nyK k@L y.
"a#mk`vN
w` N@N @s~yT sAgmy ar#qhN@mN p @l`v ekm bly wm` bv . @my
Ek`Nw sw&y. smhr# t vd` ymK w. enM smSw @l~ky p`lny @M arn, emN
ont l# a# bv . @my s`vq& y. oN bl`@p`@r`W vn a`k`ryt oN yLl
qWwN @n` @V. a#mk`@V @Q\p`ln pNyt vWmN k`lyW, @l~k Q sMbN[vW a# av@b~[y
iw` w y. @Mv` @pr wWvyNt vd` @vnS y."
1999
a# kr gW ek<w`v mN sN[`n@Y @Q\ m`vN@gN tw @k@rn m#hWM sMbNwv
n#@t~v p`v` a#w# o e ek<w` pk`vt phr eLl k@L y. "@mm
pN a# aqhs vN@N a#mk`vN @jnr`Lvr#N, q ahSy`n` sh cNk`
spyn awr @r~yN @s`Lq`vN s#py bv ."
o p#v y.
o
Il<t @|;@yNm @y` @Y vWmN Q[y ps n @m`lk`rN@gN @k@n vn SGV
@@sNS @vw y. DT iyt yN @m@S y` @Y y;
"eKwr`
N}yk sh [`n yk o p#h#v k`\ k@L @Ry` mh`Qpy @mLl @k`t w#@M
arn sw ekm bly a#mk`v bv . @my ahAk`@r~Nm`qyt sm`nkM qr."
"ey
myK @n`@V",
DT gmnykt b. @b`Sy` sh @k`@s~@v~ aWq#MvN p @p` @Q\ sh a`rK;k
@vwK S}`w mt @r~y a`N [`N m$wk brpwl @ls N klh. vsr
qhykt @pr`v Nsyt @mm aqhs a#mt h#v nW aN kvr @h~ @r~yt
nM @my w` g#mt ar# aqhsK y. aq n@Y nM @v`Ntn@Y
bl`k`ryt @p` c`ry ey .
@r~p`
m`[& a#mk`v mw eLlkl h`r
Q[y
a`rMX avS}`@V, Nsy, jRmy h` w`n&y
l vW pW gnn`vK v^wv a#mk`vt phr eLl klh. @M s>h` ym a`qR\y @Y,
jRm@Y [`n vW s<r`v vn q SgL y. @mm s<r`v a`N@V aX&Nwr
kvyN smg sp sb>w`vK pvWv` @gn yn awr yn @qkk tpW a@l @V. ahmD rD@G
wb`N:
iSl`M, @wL sh m[&m a`y`@V mh` d`v
nM N}y g`MrWvyt pW krN ey Q[yt y` k@L y. @mm N}y mN Q[@Y
ym ar iw` p#h#v ipW @kn.
q SgL
s<r`@V pl yK mN "nv
ar`j&yK b> @v`Ntn@Y
ny",
blg @ls @Vcny @kn. "sh@y~w`v
b> bl`@p`@r`W blg @S > v#n. s#Pw#MbR 11 q` h`rvN p ejy
smg @k`N@Q rwv @plg# @r~yyN @M sMbN[@yN @|;@yN vgv y"
e s>hN y.
ejy
N j`w&Nwr sh@y~w`v K@p kl avS}` gnn`vK ut` q#Kmt ey gmN kr:
EeM m Ekp`Kkv
avlA m, wm v q&`Wmk a j`w&Nwr p`lnykt ytW m @n` g#m,
@dN @HG j`w&Nwr akrny s>h` sh@y~gy m K@p m sh ej @n` vn
rv#yN s>h` ej q akrn S}`w m. @M awr, aWl`Nky a@nK ps pp`lny -- KNtN pp`lny yt@Wt
vd` v^wvm -- wm @Q\ @v@W y`mk l[Rmy "j`k
av\&w` b#> y`m"
bv whr# k@L y. Rv pq`nyK mN, @M vn tW E sMbN[v SRn @ls s`kCc`
@k`t a#w.
jn`pvrnyt
@k klkt @pr`v vWmN a`rK;k up@Qk` @k`N@d`s` rS, "ej@Y
@b`@h~ @q@n bl @Q\p`ln@Y, mh` blyN@G sh bl smlnyN@G h#MvN
aphw`vyk pWv . (pWv yh)"
yn kr#n sMbN[@yN sA@Vgy k`\ krn yK @f`N a@fy`S pl kl` y. a#y
@m@S y:
"a`Nk
r$p`k`r@yN @mm aphw`vy, bl@Y w&`l aX&`sy s>h` @b`@h~ r`j&yN@G
sh@y~gy @h~ ItW vd` ej` sA[`ny v# a`ywnvl sh@y~gy, aw&v\&k @V y yn
|v`sy kr` el#mt
y h#k. j`k av\&w`vy, "m`nv
qy`@V av\&w`v"
@h~ "j`w&Nwr
j`v@G av\&w`v"
mN S}`pny @kn. ejy y@m @h~ yM @qyK @v@vN y` krn t pmnK ey w&`l
bl aX&`s@Y @y@qw# yn |v`sy Lsy` Nwny l g#N L b#s g.
@m blg r`vyN KNtN pp`lny l y. y m`nv j`vt v` aWpW vn ymK
@M vrqK n#w. nW ey eKwr` aR}yN @qvn gn@Y blp$m. a#mk`@V j`k av\&w`vN
b#> y`m mN qhs, @vl> @p`l sh s`my vR[ny krn @k`N@Q Rm`ny v
a#w."11
ap @mm
k`\yN sh m$w @Q\p`ln vR[nyN @qs q, e@mNm a#mk`-@r~y sb>w`vl ih`sy
sh Ev` yN p#v a`Rk
kr# mw q, @nW @h t apt |wvm a@PK;` kl h#K@K i @Q\p`ln vR[nyN l
a#mk`-@r~p` g#m vd vd`W Vr vn ak`rvW k`vK r< p$ h# bv .
@Q\p`ln v`q@Y @b`@h~ pN pvn q$, av`Ry@yNm eyt r` @g`S ey Rn`yk
@Q\p`lk s`[ky v a#w.
@mm sNwy
b> p#h# av@b~[yN h` E sMbN[ p#h# a`kLpyN @w`rv kMkr# pN@Y
@Q\p`ln Sv`nWvy
S}`w kl @n` h#k. a@P arn ej ar`j&v`qyt e@r @Q\p`lkv Srs`r p`R|vyK
sh It sm`nv @r~y [@N|vr@Y ar`j&v` stNkr#vNt e@r @Q\p`lkv Srs`r
p`R|vyK Ek`bQ[ m .
a#mk`-@r~[v`q@Y
n`my yt@W E E a`Nvlt pN @r~y mhjnw`v -- @|;@yNm m[&m pNN --
kr g#mt @r~p@Y a`Rk,
sm`j sh @Q\p`lk |n sMbN[@yN a#mk`vt @q~;`@r~pny @M avK @n` pv
a#w. e@mNm ej bly smg "sm`nw`vy"
iLl` n @r~y tv`qy s`[`rkrny @k@rn uQ@{~;nvl q avK @n` v a#w.
@M vn
tW, [@N|vr ߫kL @k`tS awN evN uWs`hyNt c`r q#n a#w. jRm` hwN
s`mv`q@Y t ar`j&v` q k>rt m`r#@M amhW @Vg@Y @@v;k a#<mK
a#w. jRm` hq`vN N, @Q\@yN tw, enM n#@t~ @Q\@yN tw, v`l`g#m
sMbN[@yN wm m#vrn @Vk`@V o p#h#vm r#Q[ h. awrr k`l@Y @Q\
a#m, @j`k` ;R@G
n`ykWv@yN oN a`[`r k@L @k`@s~@v~ sh m#@d~y`@V jRm` hq` v`l`g#mt
pmnK @n` v @s~m`y` @vr@L q, iw` m$wk k`L q o jRm` hq`
v`l`g#Mvlt a`[`r klh.
@lN@G
ar`j&v`qy
pl @l~k
Q[ k`ly l , ar`j&v`qy b> wm N}y l "yr#
v#@tn pNN wm smSw@yNm, ar`j&v`q@Y p#Wwt m`r#m"
ar`j&v` g@Y lK;nyK b#V @lN Swr k@L y;
kMkr# pNyt @my @n` v#l@>n aNq@M \KyK n#w# o anr# a#< y. "a@nW
pNN@gN @vN krn n mh` `k`ryK @n`m#w."12
@lN @pNv` N p kMkr# pNk @k`tS ar`j&v`q@Y p#Wwt a#q g#m s>h`
avS}`v`qy, @Q\p`lk q^v`my y`NnyK @ls @Svy kr.
@my aqt
vd`Wm g#l@P. Iy` @g~ykrn @r~
v&`p`r@Y l[ry l [@N|vr ߫kN awr, sm`j j`wNv`q@Y v`m v`vl,
@pr St#Nv` l[` wN l sh v^Wy s l[` wN@Y v`m v` l,
kMkr# pN@Y sm`j K g#n g#n krn v`c`l smg @r~y h` j`k S@v~Wwmv`qy
eK a`k`ryN @h~ wvW a`k`ryN kvlM krn mK n# vnw`@v~ @vW. "nv
brL @g~ykrny"
@ls hNvn @qy smg o a#mk`v ann& kr. a#mk` a`pw&yt e@r
argl@Y o wm`@Gm a`N smg @p` a`yK @g`d n#m s>h`
em pqnm
mw, nv @Q\p`ln v&`p`ryK @g`d n#m s>h` qrn uWs`hyN jRmy l iw` r g
@g`S a#w. a#Tt#K (ATTAC)
sA[`ny -- @l~s@va @M b>v y` a#w -- t eSԬ n`yk oSk` l#@f`N@TN,
ԬeS n`yk gR@g~R , n v^Wy s@Y t n`yk @dL@tF @hK@;, @n~Kk`
hwN v# ayt sh wvW @b`@h~ ayt @Vk`vK spy` @Q. jnw`v \`l vs@yN shX` vn
Q[ SMvl @Vk`vK @bq` hq` gN o spv a`y kr, e@nk`t iv
aLl, on@G @n` ek<w` s`kCc`
krN @K;k@Y c`ry pK;` kr.
@mm
v&`p`r@Y s`R}kWvy @SW Rwv n#w. blg @@v;k blyN N mhjnw`vN vmt
wL krQ, p`lk vt agw@M sNw@Y o iw` iKmN qnt m`r# @v.
a@P p#W@wN krn blg @Q\p`ln m#hWmN, kMkr# pNyt nv m`[&k ulK a#tmt
oN qrn uWs`hyN@G @gl s`R}kv y h#k.
1924
"@l~k
vR[ny b> iqR\n"
yn m#@yN p#v#W kw` @V "@r~py
sl`k mw w#mt"
a#mk`v aqhS krn bv @y`N @`TS
p#v y.
"@r~pyt
wr< @M h#y`vK sls` @n` mt a#mk` [nv`qy bl@p`@r`W @V;
wm` @k` vn wWvyK a# vn b#N, eAglNwyt,
sh Nsyt, @|;@yNm jRmyt wm @l~k @vl> @p`l n#vw aLl` g#m s>h`
id mt a#mk` [nv`qyt @n` h#k. mKs`q yW q#N ey apnyn [nv`qy -- X`Nd sh
`G[ny yn @qkm apnyny kr. a#mk` [nv`qy @l~k@Y ap[` S}`nyt p#mt
m`n blN ;
eyt ap@G h@l~ky r` a#mk` ar`j&v` S@@v r`j&yK S}`w mt
av\& y. eyt av\& a#W@W ey ."
e lyK
@ls, "[nv`
@r~py sl`k mw w#mt eyt av\& y"
y# @`TS
y. "ey
N @vl> @p`l @k`tSvlt @bq a#w.
@r~y l&kr#vN@G sh kRm`Nwkr#vN@G y`vN p`lny kr a#w. @k`pmn @t`N, tR
sh @l~ $M sA&`vK sh mn v& pmnK l g#@M sh @M ayK
@r~pyt aW q# ey N ym @k@r a#w."
vsr @qkkt
pv, @mm kw`v gW, @p`W Ackt s#p @prvqnk @`TS
@m@S y:
"eKsW
jnpq@Y, |my qnvn a \`l v& m`ny N [nv` @r~p@Y a`Rk
p` ms` g#m sh nRvnyt a# h#y`v SvyAyv ivW kr. aw@Y @r~y
[nv`qy N @l~k@Y pg` @k`tS Plkrny k@L nM aq n a#mk` [nv`qy N
a pnw @r~py Plykrny @k@R. @mm a`Rk
a`v^w aNw@yN g#l g#mt, r# b sh r`j& b`[k n`\ krN eKsW @s~yT @r~pyK
Rm`ny krn sh ey @s~yT sAgmy sh a`y`@V qhS mhjnw`vN smg @fdrL a`k`r@yN
Ek`bQ[ @k@rn R[n pNk PlvyN @w`r @vnW m`vwK a#yt @n`m#w. @mm q#v#Nw
argl@Y av`Ry vR[ny N vWmN [np a|vryt,
a#mk` eKsW jnpqyt, Ply gy shk @lst a`rMX kr @q a#w."14
|wv
av\& @k@rn sA@\~[n swv @mm |@L;ny, e aq`lWvy aq qKv`m k g.
a#mk`
a`Rk@Y
s`@PK; br, ey vsr 75kt @pr wWvyt vd` iw` d`m, @r~pyt wm glv` g#m
s>h` ekm m`[&y @ls p#v vR@sLS @mN p k`ly h` ss>n kl aq n
ey mw dny am sh @HqyN am yn kr# @H@vN @l~ky ytW kr g#@M argly
vd`W a`mn h` @VgvW SvX`vyK g a#w. @`TS
1926 @pr p, @my smg @r~py h` a#mk`v l R[n pNk Plvy iw` spv
b# pv.
q#N --
1920 gnNvl @mN -- a#mk`v smg g#m N @r~y [nv`qy a`v^w aNwykt gmN
krv. R[n pNk Plvy h#r N g#lmt aN m`vwK @n`m#w. @my, p#r mh`Qpy
l a`Rk,
sm`k h` j`k g#M @VgvW kr.
@M b>
a#<M @b`@h~ y. avv`q`Wmk h'vL N, @r~@V s`R}kWvy b> s#k phl krn
anr# a#<M @M vn tW W @k`t a#w. w, w rtvL @q`lhk a`N aw a`Rk
@vw, sm`k @vw, b @vw sh @Q\ @vw r>` pvWn` kL @p` qlK
y`Wmk y @n` h# bvt o @c~qn` kr.
s@
@sNG m$w kv#yk @m@S k`\ y, "ql,
@vN @vN m avq`nM k`Ryy. mKs`q yW @Q\p`ln aRqyN N r`j&yN
@vN krn t @h~ e@nk`t r#Q[v wr< vn t @h~ @vnS j`N Ek`bQ[v X`w`
krn lq qlK k#bvlt k# yn bv ih`sy apt ugNvn b#."
kv#y
@m@S anr# a<v. @r~p` sAgmy s>h` sh j`N awr smlny s>h` nv
vR[ny @n` n @h`W, "sAgmy
plv ek w#n pL pv pK;{`w v a#w. @my e ykr# mrny, @Q\p`ln aqhsk m`v
y h#k. q#N, @r~v @p @mN p, g#t sCcy
v a#w. @r~py @Rck aRqyK @qst p#q kr."
a#FgS}`ny
l Q[y b>v @p` rK sMp`qny mt @r~py asmWm @H@vN sh,
@r~v sMbN[@yN wm sgyN@G av` shgw aqhS s` a`Nv h#r y iw`y` @Q\ a#m
@rn`@t~ r#@r~, y wn@rN iLl` aSm @H@vN @r~y v&`p`r kv l anr#
a#<@M q#ntmW n`q a#w. @r~py @b y`@M sh @b~Lkkrny@M anr Kjy
l p#h#v sthN a#w. @M anr pmnK @n` v, iw`y` @lg` @n~RD, OSy`@V
@j~RG @HdRS sh ev# a@nW `@Qyv` v&`p`rvl m@mN `@Qy @R` oS@S
i w#mK mt vd`W id a#w. p#r j`k mLlvw`vN E a`k`r@yN wm bly n#vw
whr# kr g#mt id @B.
t
amwrv, y a`Rk
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s`[nyN brpwl @ls kp` qm`, Ev` a#mk` mTtM smg ek @plt v`@m -- enM n&yt
sp kr@m -- yNn g. on@G |@L;nyNt av @r~vt s`@PK;v @d`lr@Y
n#Gm, eKsW jnpqy l py q\k @qk r` @kr# ay-v#y kPp`vl ly.
a#mk`@V r`j& yqM m`ny, ql j`k p`qn@yN yyt 30kt a vn awr,
sAsNqn`Wmkv @r~p@Y r`j& yqm, ql j`k p`qn@yN yyt 46.16
@mv#
kPp` y`Wmk @k@rN@N ߿y`v @M vn tW yyt 10t vd` ihl @g`S a# w yt@W
y. ز kL r>` pvWn` avp`wyK, yn sA&`w mhjnw`v mw blp`N q#v#Nw pm`n@Y
sm`j mK w kr a#w.
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sAgm@Y plLm
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aRqyN vd`W w @Y @r~p` sAgmy n#@gnrt s`rny @m.
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kN p#v St#Nv` r`j&yN y -- 2004 vn t @r~p` sAgmyt eK v a#w. N
@b`@h`myK q rtvL @v. smhr aA\vl , Ev`@Y vn wWvyN btr @r~p@Y mTt@mN
qh@yN ekK pmnK @V. ont @r~p` sAgmyt a#m s>h` @k`N@Q s#k@V, vn
wWvyN vd`W phl v#m sh qs lK; sA&`w d` @g`N, d` v&`p`kyN h` @l~k
@vl> @p`@L wr<k` @n` vn f#Ktvl kMkr#vN nTtMm m. @r~py l p`lk
kv awr, @|;@yNm jRmy l, n#@gnr s`rny wv rtW y y yn Lv
p#r# ek<w`vK pv. ont ey @l~p`k |ny. n#@gnr @r~py aWh#r q#v
@h`W ey a#mk`v ytwt @h~ r#y`@V blp$m ytwt pWv a#w. emN ey @g`Sl`y`v
@mN k#bvlt k# L Q[yt h# "a`rK;k
aRqyK"
bvt pW y h#k. nW, evN mh` pm`n nv aWpW kr g#mK @w~r` @Br` skS kr g#m
s>h` @r~p` sAgmyt a#W@W a q`nm.
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@r~pyt evN r`j&yN Ek`bQ[ mt sh Ev`@Y g#t smt @n` h# bv vd`W v`q`yk
@k`N@Q p#v, p#r jRm` j`wNv` jnrj@Y (a`R) aWq#MvN qR\ny
y. jRmy eKsW @mN vsr @q`lhK gw a# aq n pv` n#@gnr ߿y`v btr
@mN @qny. y qhS gnN jny` vd`W yhpW ߿y`vK @s`y` g#m s>h` btrt sAmnym
@H@vN smSw n#@gnr @Q\ym jnn& a#w.
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sAgmy n#@gnrt s`rnym @H@vN sm`j v&snyK Rm`ny vN@N n#@gnr pmnK
@n` v btr q sm`j a`wN Vr v a#w. n, e@hW iw` a v#P lq kMkr#vN qs
lK; sA&`vK @r~p` sAgmyt a#m pvWn` v#P h` vn wWvyN wv rtW phw
@h@M vryK @S @Svy kr a#w. a`ywk mTt@mN slkn kl, s`m`kWvy 15 t 25 qKv`
s`rny t sAgmy y`Wmkm s>h` @r~y a`ywnvl sASkrnyK
aw&v\& y# s#l@K. nW @M qKv` ey kvr @h~ gyK aW kr @gn n# wrM y.
w`n&,
jRmy sh Nsy awr wr<k`Wvy sh \`l sh d` s`m`kyN@G wr<k`Wvy @H@vN
ey a`p a l#b @B.
a`Rk
mTt@mN s#l t, @g`Nt sh ڱ kl`pyNt vWmN mTt@M a`[`rM gtm pvWv` @gn y
@h`W n#@gnr qKv` s`rnym @H@vN @r~p` sAgmy bA@k`@l`W @V. @my a kl @h`W,
emN sm`j a`wN sh vWmN s`m`kyN awr @bM wv r vR[ny mK Rm`ny @k@r
a#w.
@r~py
sh "Sw-@r~"
gw M
@r~y
a`Nvl [`n q`nm vN@N, av`Ry sm`j Mvlt @pr`v q#v#Nw r`j& mRqn
yNnyK @g`d ng` g#m . s#Pw#MbR 11 QNt,
on@G c`ry q#k gw W@W @M sNqRXy l y. @r~py l E h` sm`n Sw h`ryN
@n`m# w l pv` oN pp`ln@yN wm m`Rg qR\ky lb` @gn j`wNv` aN
mw q#v#Nw h`ryK eLl mt @plnh.
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vhvh` sMmw kr gWh. L aN @|;@yNm @QkyN@G L aN -- q#v#Nw
@ls kp` q#@mn awr r -- @p`yt sh oW @Sv`vNt nv amwr blyN lb` .
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@kr#n` h` sm`n y. n` jRmy a#q v#@mN p, TlR@G sRv bl[` rhs& r`j&
@p`y @gSt`@p~v y`vK @lN @mm @vN m S}`w @kn.
y h#
pm, @mm yvryN Qgly @h~ sA[`nyK N mt id a# Swv` y`vkt
eLl @kr#nkt vd`, vWmN p`ln r$pyN an@R @hln sm`j @h~ @Q\p`ln v&`p`ryk mmt
e@rv eLlvK y.
tv`qyt
sh Q[yt e@r r#Q[Wvy, j`wNy aNt eLl @k@rn h`ryNt e@r r#Q[Wvy
sh sm`j @k`N@Q n`\ mt e@r r#Q[Wvy, @r~py all`gW jny mhjn v&`p`ryNt
y h# bvt s#kyK p#vy @n` h#k. @mm y |n sMbN[@yN a @pr@N y
@v. @k@S nW, @l~k sm`jv` Plv@Y @l~p`@yN @vN j`w&Nwr kv
N n`ykWvy @q lbn hwr vn j`w&Nwr@Y j`w&Nwrv` iqR\n@yN @vN ,
Q[yt e@r sh sm`j h` j`wNy aN a`rK;` @M anvrw arglyK @gn y` @n`
h#k.
a#mk`
a`pw&yt e@rv -- vd`W sm`jy, vd`W sASk^w, vd`W K Kw yn @HN mw
-- @r~y [nv`qy a`rK;` krNnNt, "nv
brL @g~ykrnyt"
e@rv -- @g~ykrn @r~
v&`p`r@Y p`X`w
vqN m`l`vt av -- "sm`j
@vl> a`Rky"
a`rK;` krNnnt av`Ry wRknyK a#w. @r~y [@N|vry wm rtvL l kMkr# pNyt
phr @qn t, a#mk`vt e@r argl@Y oN smg eKv kt m kl @n` h#Kk.
@r~py l sm`j @h~ @Q\p`ln mhjn v&`p`ryK N @r~y `G[nyt, a#mk`
`G[ny smg e wr<@Y , av`Ry@yNm vl kp a#w. ems` a#mk` a`pw&yt
e@r argl@Y , evN v&`p`ryN p`g` q#m @h~ uq`n m a`v\&k @V;
E s>h`, pl @l~k q sm@Y jRm` sm`j j`wNv`N h#N a`k`r@Y
w`vk`k
stN r`m @vwK av\& @k@R.
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߫kN@G a a#mk` @r~[v`qy a K@p krN@n. a@P a`S}`ny vN@N a#mk`vN
@qkK (h` @r~pyN @qkK) pvWn` bv . [npyN@G a#mk`v sh kMkr# pN@Y a#mk`v.
ej ar`j&v`qyt e@r a@P argly pqnM vN@N @r~y [@N|vr@Y @k`tS sh on@G
m[&m pNk shkr#vN mw @n` v j`w&Nwr kMkr# pNy mw y.
@r~p`-a#mk`
g#m mN w h` @VgvW @kr# p, @mm |ny ˚S}`nyt wL
sm`jv`qy sh avS}`v`q@Y s$m r$p`k`ryK awrm @bM @R`v bvt pWv a#w.
py
q\k@Y g`d
@vnSM, @r~p@Y @Q\p`ln qR\ny mw q#ntmW wm sln wb` a#w. p#r S}`w pK;
yLlm qr# aRqyk .
@my
a`rMX @Y sMq`k qKn`Ak
[@N|vr@Y r y`mW smg y. iw`@Y Sy` j`wNv` yw vs@yNm @Q\p`ln
qR\n p}@yN ar#qhN h. Ns @g~Lv` sh brL M sh @bM m`l`vK N
gmN klh. w`n&
@t~ py m#vrn@Y avlt k# yh. sh avs`n vs@yN jRmN Sy` j`wNv`,
1998 bly a@mN p l&my ;n h` aX&Nwr @bM @H@vN blg @ls aRq
Sw .
@mm aRqyt
bl p$ vd`W v#qgW kr#n vN@N, @mm pK; sMq`k vs@yN pqnM m[&m pN@Y #krny
. wv rtW, mh` v&`p`k av\&w`, m[&m pN@Y \`l @k`tskt lb` @qn
mn` sh kMkr# pNyt lb` @qn shn smg Ek`bQ[ kl @n` h#k.
sMq`k
pK;vl aRqy sm`j j`wNv`N@G n#vw n#mkt . 1998 vn t Sp`y
h#r [`n @r~p` rtvL p`lny k@L sm`j j`wNv`N . oN a nr @S q#k
gW kMkr# pN@Y sh@y~gy yM rkt ont l#n. @k`NsR@VVvr#N N awrmA krn lq
m[&m pNk @k`tS n`g#mt o yM rkt smW h. "Nv#
m`vw"
nM B@ly`R@G stN p`y sh jRm@Y @r~dR N "nv
m[& y"
@ls ipW krn e pvRw stN p`y pN p#v@Y ey . wm` pqnMv
m[& y K;kv k# yN @bn bv q#n g#mt B@ly`R h` @r~dR asmW
h.
sm`j j`wNv`N
bl@Y n` sm@Y, wm` @k`NsR@VVvr#Nt kLpyK @y~jny @n` krn b#V iKmNm ġ
kl b#N on@G ph`y a#rn. iw`@Y t St#Nv`Nt bly lb` g#m
s>h` vsr pnhK gw awr ey n#vw a kr g#mt gw @Y vsr nK pm. a@L
p#v#Wmt yw Ns jn`pvrn@Y @g~Lv` j#K K@G jyhnyt ym
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uWs`h @kn. yK @ls @mm kNd`yM, sm`j |nvlt @k@rn stkpt a`y`cn`, @[~Nm`qy,
y h` s`myt @k@rn k#>M sh l& `G[n@Y vd`W pr@p~w
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uWs`h klN awr @HqyN y.
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n#w. iw`y l [@N|vr@Y s#ly @k`tsk sh`y a#v bRS@k~@G a`Nv S}`w
m @mm \`vt g# |w n`Wmk yvr.
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pqnM vN@N aNw qKn`Ak
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pK;y vn @f~s` iw`y` [`n vs@yNm o@Gm v&`p`k av\&w`vl upkrny. @M
s@Y jRm` pyk pl p e a`qR\ p`y "yLl
ekK s>h`, ey o s>h`"
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blyN N ey mw @y`qn amhW blp$m, pp`lny smg |w sm`nkM @pNM kr.
@r~p@Y nv i w#mk anr bRS@k~@G a`Nv N qR\ny kr. aW adAvt
g#@M @r~y v@rNvK sMbN[ m$w g`l@g~TN @ls, iSl`myt e@r bRS@k~@G
Q[ @c~qn`v @ls, o@G a`N@V s`m`kyN @r~vt phrm @ls ey qR\ny y.
@r~p`
sAgmyt @cK jnrjy a#lW kr g#@M Rv @k`N@QyK @ls @tMN n&k bl
uWp`qky vs` q#y y yNn mw jnmw c`rnyK p#v#Wy y# @k@rn iLm OSy`@V
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avr kr vS n&k v&snyK sMbN[ s`[`rn y sAk`vN bl g#Nmt o
uWs`h kr.
jRmy
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@V [`y` vn awr, Sy` j`wNv`N awN a\N q@nN N@n.
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vn mR@kL t c`NslR @hLT @k~L@G sh`y l#@v.
y
h` s`my a`rK;` krNn @ls S@t`bRt RyK a#w. @HdRS qhS pK;y OSy`
a`Nv lt my vs@yN Ek`bQ[m, @r~p` sAgmy N my vs@yN vRjny kl
avS}`@V o em Ek`bQ[mt Q@Y sh@y~gy N@N y. iw`y l o bRS@k~@G
@f~Rs` iw`y, pK;y smg sp sb>w` pvWv`@gn y. o, "kl`pyN@G
@r~py"
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a`[`rkr#@v.
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sm`j j`wNv`N, hwN sh t St#Nv`N a` vs@yN -- pRn bA@k`@l`WX`v@Y
ly. vd`W k j`wNv` aN h` vn @k`N@Q pv` a`rK;` kr mt ont
a# pRn @n` h#y`v oP @kn. oN N @Q\ k`v y h` s`my a`rK;`
@M @vW vR[ny m @H@vN @mm qKn`Ak
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r>` pv.
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gw m s>h`:
@r~py yN@N @k`bt q?
a#FgS}`ny
l vWmN Q[@Y pm skSkl aNwR ar`j&v` mLlvw` Vr m mN, @r~py
l a`Rk
h` sm`k g#M w m @k@R. a#mk`v smg g#M m tv`q@Y
sh apv`q@Y vR[nykt y h#k. ey @Q\p`ln vR[nyN @VgvW @k`t mh` pm`n
sm`j M w kr a#w -- @`TS@G
vcnvN pvs@w`W, ey @r~py Plykrny kr a#w.
@myt
a@P r mK q? ap @myt q`nM vN@N @k@S q?
@M s>h` av\& vN@N yM W gNn` , uQ@{~;n`Wmk 썁yK @n` v,
@Q\p`ln \`vny.
@Hqyt
@pr kMkr# Plvv` pK;y N ap v&`p`ry l gNvn lq, y`v`qy b>
@n` vrn lnK pv. enM ey s$m @Q\p`ln QyKm |cy kr lbN@N e uQ@{~;n`Wmk
Xv@y. "kMkr#
pNy bl g#Nm s>h` mN ey @y`q` g lbN@N @k@S q? mN ey yM
y`vK a# m s>h` @h~ @plp`yK sA[`ny m s>h` @y`q` g lbN@N
@k@S q?
tNT
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@h~ @M"
n`m@yN o a#Tt#K v# sA[`n smg, @n~Kk` hwN sh v^Wy s l[ryN
smg sN[`ngw @v. "eWsWk@M"
n`m@yN ej q @vwt e@r vn yL@l~m iwN g. oN @r~y ar`j&v`
k>rt wL m s>h` @my s^vm @Q.
Q[y
vn` smSw [@N|vr pQ[@Y @eh`k prSpr @r~[yN@G ly @ls a av@b~[ kr
g. @r~py sh a#mk`v awr vR[ny vn g#mt ap@G sm @r~y h` a#mk`
kMkr# pN@Y ekv.
Esm`n
a`k`rykt, j`k Sv`pw&@Y n`m@yN @r~p` sAgmyt r#Q[ vNnNt @h~ btr kMkr#
N a`rK;` @M n`m@yN @r~p` sAgmy n#@gnrt s`rny mt r#Q[vNnNt
a agw @n` @v.
v&`p`k
av\&w`vN N sh [`n @r~y blyN N abvny krn lq @r~p` sAgmyt ap@G
sm vn` eKsW sm`jv` @r~p` jnpqy .
sthN:
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hNS-@y`aM NgR, Der
Euro und die transatlantischen Beziehungen: Eine geo-okonomische perspektive
(@dyR o@r~ uND NS
aTlN;N bTNgN:
a@n @go-o@k`@n`; @pRS@pKV (@r~ sh `NS
aWl`NK sb>w`vy: @h_k-a`Rk
iqR\ny) International Politics
and Society (iNtR
n#;nL @p`KS a#ND @s`s 2/1999)
(Dݍ
EbRT FNG)
03. @fyGL.
@vRnR NK, (Europaische
Sicherheitspolitik o@r~ @p; z;RhTS@p`K,
Merkur
(@mRR) s#P/oK@w~.
2000,pp.919
09.
em.
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924
11. @k`N@d`s`
rS, (Life after the Cold War)
wl Q[@yN p wy, (Foreign
Affairs) @f`N e@fy`S, jnv`/@pbrv`
2000 (@vm.79,@n`.1)
12. @lN,
"Der
Imperialismus" Werke
Band 22,Kap.
IX, pp.290
(ar`j&v`qy) @vm 22, .290
13. @y`N
@`TS
krnlq k}` @qkK,.17
14. em.
p.3
16. Angaben
laut (aNg`bN
lT) iwd, 2001 s#Pw#MbR
21, Ausgabe Nr. 38,Jg.21
(aSg`b k`\ny) av 38, 21 kl`py
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